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verticapy.machine_learning.vertica.cluster.KPrototypes

class verticapy.machine_learning.vertica.cluster.KPrototypes(name: str = None, overwrite_model: bool = False, n_cluster: int = 8, init: Literal['random'] | list = 'random', max_iter: int = 300, tol: float = 0.0001, gamma: float = 1.0)

Creates a KPrototypes object by using the Vertica k-prototypes algorithm. The algorithm combines the k-means and k-modes algorithms in order to handle both numerical and categorical data.

Parameters

name: str, optional

Name of the model. The model is stored in the database.

overwrite_model: bool, optional

If set to True, training a model with the same name as an existing model overwrites the existing model.

n_cluster: int, optional

Number of clusters.

init: str | list, optional

The method used to find the initial cluster centers.

• random:

  The centers are initialized randomly.

You can also provide a list of initial cluster centers.

max_iter: int, optional

The maximum number of iterations the algorithm performs.

tol: float, optional

Determines whether the algorithm has converged. The algorithm is considered converged when no center moves more than a distance of ‘tol’ from the previous iteration.

gamma: float, optional

Weighting factor for categorical columns. It determines the relative importance of numerical and categorical attributes.

Attributes

Many attributes are created during the fitting phase.

clusters_: numpy.array

Cluster centers.

p_: int

The p of the p-distances.

between_cluster_ss_: float

The between-cluster sum of squares (BSS) measures the dispersion between different clusters and is an important metric in evaluating the effectiveness of a clustering algorithm.

total_ss_: float

The total sum of squares (TSS) is used to assess the total dispersion of data points from the overall mean, providing a basis for evaluating the clustering algorithm’s performance.

total_within_cluster_ss_: float

The within-cluster sum of squares (WSS) gauges the dispersion of data points within individual clusters in a clustering analysis. It reflects the compactness of clusters and is instrumental in evaluating the homogeneity of the clusters produced by the algorithm.

elbow_score_: float

The elbow score. It helps identify the optimal number of clusters by observing the point where the rate of WSS reduction slows down, resembling the bend or ‘elbow’ in the plot, indicative of an optimal clustering solution. The bigger the better.

converged_: boolean

True if the model converged.

Note

All attributes can be accessed using the get_attributes() method.

Note

Several other attributes can be accessed by using the get_vertica_attributes() method.

Examples

The following examples provide a basic understanding of usage. For more detailed examples, please refer to the Machine Learning or the Examples section on the website.

Load data for machine learning

We import verticapy:

import verticapy as vp

Hint

By assigning an alias to verticapy, we mitigate the risk of code collisions with other libraries. This precaution is necessary because verticapy uses commonly known function names like “average” and “median”, which can potentially lead to naming conflicts. The use of an alias ensures that the functions from verticapy are used as intended without interfering with functions from other libraries.

For this example, we will use the winequality dataset.

import verticapy.datasets as vpd

data = vpd.load_winequality()

	123 fixed_acidity Numeric(8)	123 volatile_acidity Numeric(9)	123 citric_acid Numeric(8)	123 residual_sugar Numeric(9)	123 chlorides Float(22)	123 free_sulfur_dioxide Numeric(9)	123 total_sulfur_dioxide Numeric(9)	123 density Float(22)	123 pH Numeric(8)	123 sulphates Numeric(8)	123 alcohol Float(22)	123 quality Integer	123 good Integer	Abc color Varchar(20)
1	3.9	0.225	0.4	4.2	0.03	29.0	118.0	0.989	3.57	0.36	12.8	8	1	white
2	4.7	0.335	0.14	1.3	0.036	69.0	168.0	0.99212	3.47	0.46	10.5	5	0	white
3	4.7	0.455	0.18	1.9	0.036	33.0	106.0	0.98746	3.21	0.83	14.0	7	1	white
4	4.7	0.785	0.0	3.4	0.036	23.0	134.0	0.98981	3.53	0.92	13.8	6	0	white
5	4.9	0.345	0.34	1.0	0.068	32.0	143.0	0.99138	3.24	0.4	10.1	5	0	white
6	4.9	0.345	0.34	1.0	0.068	32.0	143.0	0.99138	3.24	0.4	10.1	5	0	white
7	4.9	0.42	0.0	2.1	0.048	16.0	42.0	0.99154	3.71	0.74	14.0	7	1	red
8	5.0	0.27	0.4	1.2	0.076	42.0	124.0	0.99204	3.32	0.47	10.1	6	0	white
9	5.0	0.31	0.0	6.4	0.046	43.0	166.0	0.994	3.3	0.63	9.9	6	0	white
10	5.0	0.4	0.5	4.3	0.046	29.0	80.0	0.9902	3.49	0.66	13.6	6	0	red
11	5.0	0.44	0.04	18.6	0.039	38.0	128.0	0.9985	3.37	0.57	10.2	6	0	white
12	5.1	0.11	0.32	1.6	0.028	12.0	90.0	0.99008	3.57	0.52	12.2	6	0	white
13	5.1	0.14	0.25	0.7	0.039	15.0	89.0	0.9919	3.22	0.43	9.2	6	0	white
14	5.1	0.165	0.22	5.7	0.047	42.0	146.0	0.9934	3.18	0.55	9.9	6	0	white
15	5.1	0.33	0.22	1.6	0.027	18.0	89.0	0.9893	3.51	0.38	12.5	7	1	white
16	5.1	0.33	0.22	1.6	0.027	18.0	89.0	0.9893	3.51	0.38	12.5	7	1	white
17	5.1	0.33	0.22	1.6	0.027	18.0	89.0	0.9893	3.51	0.38	12.5	7	1	white
18	5.1	0.39	0.21	1.7	0.027	15.0	72.0	0.9894	3.5	0.45	12.5	6	0	white
19	5.2	0.2	0.27	3.2	0.047	16.0	93.0	0.99235	3.44	0.53	10.1	7	1	white
20	5.2	0.21	0.31	1.7	0.048	17.0	61.0	0.98953	3.24	0.37	12.0	7	1	white
21	5.2	0.22	0.46	6.2	0.066	41.0	187.0	0.99362	3.19	0.42	9.73333333333333	5	0	white
22	5.2	0.31	0.2	2.4	0.027	27.0	117.0	0.98886	3.56	0.45	13.0	7	1	white
23	5.2	0.32	0.25	1.8	0.103	13.0	50.0	0.9957	3.38	0.55	9.2	5	0	red
24	5.2	0.34	0.37	6.2	0.031	42.0	133.0	0.99076	3.25	0.41	12.5	6	0	white
25	5.2	0.36	0.02	1.6	0.031	24.0	104.0	0.9896	3.44	0.35	12.2	6	0	white
26	5.2	0.365	0.08	13.5	0.041	37.0	142.0	0.997	3.46	0.39	9.9	6	0	white
27	5.2	0.48	0.04	1.6	0.054	19.0	106.0	0.9927	3.54	0.62	12.2	7	1	red
28	5.2	0.5	0.18	2.0	0.036	23.0	129.0	0.98949	3.36	0.77	13.4	7	1	white
29	5.3	0.16	0.39	1.0	0.028	40.0	101.0	0.99156	3.57	0.59	10.6	6	0	white
30	5.3	0.16	0.39	1.0	0.028	40.0	101.0	0.99156	3.57	0.59	10.6	6	0	white
31	5.3	0.165	0.24	1.1	0.051	25.0	105.0	0.9925	3.32	0.47	9.1	5	0	white
32	5.3	0.23	0.56	0.9	0.041	46.0	141.0	0.99119	3.16	0.62	9.7	5	0	white
33	5.3	0.3	0.3	1.2	0.029	25.0	93.0	0.98742	3.31	0.4	13.6	7	1	white
34	5.3	0.33	0.3	1.2	0.048	25.0	119.0	0.99045	3.32	0.62	11.3	6	0	white
35	5.3	0.36	0.27	6.3	0.028	40.0	132.0	0.99186	3.37	0.4	11.6	6	0	white
36	5.3	0.36	0.27	6.3	0.028	40.0	132.0	0.99186	3.37	0.4	11.6	6	0	white
37	5.3	0.4	0.25	3.9	0.031	45.0	130.0	0.99072	3.31	0.58	11.75	7	1	white
38	5.3	0.47	0.11	2.2	0.048	16.0	89.0	0.99182	3.54	0.88	13.6	7	1	red
39	5.3	0.47	0.11	2.2	0.048	16.0	89.0	0.99182	3.54	0.88	13.5666666666667	7	1	red
40	5.3	0.715	0.19	1.5	0.161	7.0	62.0	0.99395	3.62	0.61	11.0	5	0	red
41	5.4	0.22	0.29	1.2	0.045	69.0	152.0	0.99178	3.76	0.63	11.0	7	1	white
42	5.4	0.595	0.1	2.8	0.042	26.0	80.0	0.9932	3.36	0.38	9.3	5	0	white
43	5.4	0.74	0.09	1.7	0.089	16.0	26.0	0.99402	3.67	0.56	11.6	6	0	red
44	5.5	0.12	0.33	1.0	0.038	23.0	131.0	0.99164	3.25	0.45	9.8	5	0	white
45	5.5	0.12	0.33	1.0	0.038	23.0	131.0	0.99164	3.25	0.45	9.8	5	0	white
46	5.5	0.14	0.27	4.6	0.029	22.0	104.0	0.9949	3.34	0.44	9.0	5	0	white
47	5.5	0.14	0.27	4.6	0.029	22.0	104.0	0.9949	3.34	0.44	9.0	5	0	white
48	5.5	0.16	0.31	1.2	0.026	31.0	68.0	0.9898	3.33	0.44	11.65	6	0	white
49	5.5	0.16	0.31	1.2	0.026	31.0	68.0	0.9898	3.33	0.44	11.6333333333333	6	0	white
50	5.5	0.18	0.22	5.5	0.037	10.0	86.0	0.99156	3.46	0.44	12.2	5	0	white
51	5.5	0.24	0.45	1.7	0.046	22.0	113.0	0.99224	3.22	0.48	10.0	5	0	white
52	5.5	0.29	0.3	1.1	0.022	20.0	110.0	0.98869	3.34	0.38	12.8	7	1	white
53	5.5	0.31	0.29	3.0	0.027	16.0	102.0	0.99067	3.23	0.56	11.2	6	0	white
54	5.5	0.32	0.45	4.9	0.028	25.0	191.0	0.9922	3.51	0.49	11.5	7	1	white
55	5.5	0.35	0.35	1.1	0.045	14.0	167.0	0.992	3.34	0.68	9.9	6	0	white
56	5.5	0.375	0.38	1.7	0.036	17.0	98.0	0.99142	3.29	0.39	10.5	6	0	white
57	5.6	0.15	0.26	5.55	0.051	51.0	139.0	0.99336	3.47	0.5	11.0	6	0	white
58	5.6	0.15	0.31	5.3	0.038	8.0	79.0	0.9923	3.3	0.39	10.5	6	0	white
59	5.6	0.16	0.27	1.4	0.044	53.0	168.0	0.9918	3.28	0.37	10.1	6	0	white
60	5.6	0.175	0.29	0.8	0.043	20.0	67.0	0.99112	3.28	0.48	9.9	6	0	white
61	5.6	0.185	0.19	7.1	0.048	36.0	110.0	0.99438	3.26	0.41	9.5	6	0	white
62	5.6	0.185	0.19	7.1	0.048	36.0	110.0	0.99438	3.26	0.41	9.5	6	0	white
63	5.6	0.22	0.32	1.2	0.024	29.0	97.0	0.98823	3.2	0.46	13.05	7	1	white
64	5.6	0.26	0.18	1.4	0.034	18.0	135.0	0.99174	3.32	0.35	10.2	6	0	white
65	5.6	0.26	0.26	5.7	0.031	12.0	80.0	0.9923	3.25	0.38	10.8	5	0	white
66	5.6	0.26	0.5	11.4	0.029	25.0	93.0	0.99428	3.23	0.49	10.5	6	0	white
67	5.6	0.28	0.28	4.2	0.044	52.0	158.0	0.992	3.35	0.44	10.7	7	1	white
68	5.6	0.3	0.1	6.4	0.043	34.0	142.0	0.99382	3.14	0.48	9.8	5	0	white
69	5.6	0.35	0.14	5.0	0.046	48.0	198.0	0.9937	3.3	0.71	10.3	5	0	white
70	5.6	0.49	0.13	4.5	0.039	17.0	116.0	0.9907	3.42	0.9	13.7	7	1	white
71	5.6	0.49	0.13	4.5	0.039	17.0	116.0	0.9907	3.42	0.9	13.7	7	1	white
72	5.6	0.66	0.0	2.2	0.087	3.0	11.0	0.99378	3.71	0.63	12.8	7	1	red
73	5.6	0.66	0.0	2.2	0.087	3.0	11.0	0.99378	3.71	0.63	12.8	7	1	red
74	5.7	0.15	0.47	11.4	0.035	49.0	128.0	0.99456	3.03	0.34	10.5	8	1	white
75	5.7	0.18	0.26	2.2	0.023	21.0	95.0	0.9893	3.07	0.54	12.3	6	0	white
76	5.7	0.18	0.36	1.2	0.046	9.0	71.0	0.99199	3.7	0.68	10.9	7	1	white
77	5.7	0.2	0.3	2.5	0.046	38.0	125.0	0.99276	3.34	0.5	9.9	6	0	white
78	5.7	0.21	0.32	0.9	0.038	38.0	121.0	0.99074	3.24	0.46	10.6	6	0	white
79	5.7	0.21	0.37	4.5	0.04	58.0	140.0	0.99332	3.29	0.62	10.6	6	0	white
80	5.7	0.22	0.2	16.0	0.044	41.0	113.0	0.99862	3.22	0.46	8.9	6	0	white
81	5.7	0.22	0.2	16.0	0.044	41.0	113.0	0.99862	3.22	0.46	8.9	6	0	white
82	5.7	0.22	0.2	16.0	0.044	41.0	113.0	0.99862	3.22	0.46	8.9	6	0	white
83	5.7	0.22	0.2	16.0	0.044	41.0	113.0	0.99862	3.22	0.46	8.9	6	0	white
84	5.7	0.22	0.2	16.0	0.044	41.0	113.0	0.99862	3.22	0.46	8.9	6	0	white
85	5.7	0.22	0.29	3.5	0.04	27.0	146.0	0.98999	3.17	0.36	12.1	6	0	white
86	5.7	0.23	0.28	9.65	0.025	26.0	121.0	0.9925	3.28	0.38	11.3	6	0	white
87	5.7	0.25	0.26	12.5	0.049	52.5	106.0	0.99691	3.08	0.45	9.4	6	0	white
88	5.7	0.25	0.26	12.5	0.049	52.5	120.0	0.99691	3.08	0.45	9.4	6	0	white
89	5.7	0.25	0.27	11.5	0.04	24.0	120.0	0.99411	3.33	0.31	10.8	6	0	white
90	5.7	0.26	0.24	17.8	0.059	23.0	124.0	0.99773	3.3	0.5	10.1	5	0	white
91	5.7	0.26	0.24	17.8	0.059	23.0	124.0	0.99773	3.3	0.5	10.1	5	0	white
92	5.7	0.26	0.24	17.8	0.059	23.0	124.0	0.99773	3.3	0.5	10.1	5	0	white
93	5.7	0.27	0.32	1.2	0.046	20.0	155.0	0.9934	3.8	0.41	10.2	6	0	white
94	5.7	0.28	0.24	17.5	0.044	60.0	167.0	0.9989	3.31	0.44	9.4	5	0	white
95	5.7	0.32	0.18	1.4	0.029	26.0	104.0	0.9906	3.44	0.37	11.0	6	0	white
96	5.7	0.32	0.38	4.75	0.033	23.0	94.0	0.991	3.42	0.42	11.8	7	1	white
97	5.7	0.36	0.34	4.2	0.026	21.0	77.0	0.9907	3.41	0.45	11.9	6	0	white
98	5.8	0.14	0.15	6.1	0.042	27.0	123.0	0.99362	3.06	0.6	9.9	6	0	white
99	5.8	0.15	0.32	1.2	0.037	14.0	119.0	0.99137	3.19	0.5	10.2	6	0	white
100	5.8	0.17	0.34	1.8	0.045	96.0	170.0	0.99035	3.38	0.9	11.8	8	1	white

Rows: 1-100 | Columns: 14

Note

VerticaPy offers a wide range of sample datasets that are ideal for training and testing purposes. You can explore the full list of available datasets in the Datasets, which provides detailed information on each dataset and how to use them effectively. These datasets are invaluable resources for honing your data analysis and machine learning skills within the VerticaPy environment.

Model Initialization

First we import the KPrototypes model:

from verticapy.machine_learning.vertica import KPrototypes

Then we can create the model:

model = KPrototypes(
    n_cluster = 8,
    init = "random",
    max_iter = 300,
    tol = 1e-4,
    gamma = 0.2,
)

Hint

In verticapy 1.0.x and higher, you do not need to specify the model name, as the name is automatically assigned. If you need to re-use the model, you can fetch the model name from the model’s attributes.

Important

The model name is crucial for the model management system and versioning. It’s highly recommended to provide a name if you plan to reuse the model later.

Model Training

We can now fit the model:

model.fit(data, X = ["color", "sulphates"])


=======
centers
=======
color|sulphates
-----+---------
 red | 0.51117 
 red | 0.62879 
 red | 0.81047 
 red | 1.24500 
white| 0.36195 
white| 0.45082 
white| 0.54886 
white| 0.72475 


=======
metrics
=======
Evaluation metrics:
     Total Sum of Squares: 1357.2421
     Within-Cluster Sum of Squares: 
         Cluster 0: 0.85194667
         Cluster 1: 1.1496097
         Cluster 2: 1.9677161
         Cluster 3: 3.43775
         Cluster 4: 1.2711855
         Cluster 5: 0.98820606
         Cluster 6: 2.3662331
         Cluster 7: 3.4794171
     Total Within-Cluster Sum of Squares: 15.512064
     Between-Cluster Sum of Squares: 1341.7301
     Between-Cluster SS / Total SS: 98.86%
 Number of iterations performed: 18
 Converged: True
 Call:
kprototypes('"public"."_verticapy_tmp_kprototypes_v_mldb_c4f294bc979611efa8720242ac120002_"', '"public"."_verticapy_tmp_view_v_mldb_c525c17a979611efa8720242ac120002_"', '"color", "sulphates"', 8
USING PARAMETERS max_iterations=300, epsilon=0.0001, gamma=0.2, init_method='random', distance_method='euclidean')

Important

To train a model, you can directly use the vDataFrame or the name of the relation stored in the database.

Note

In the above example we have use one categorical (“color”) and one numeric (“sulphates”) feature. KProtoTypes can handle both types of features.

Hint

For clustering and anomaly detection, the use of predictors is optional. In such cases, all available predictors are considered, which can include solely numerical variables or a combination of numerical and categorical variables, depending on the model’s capabilities.

Metrics

You can also find the cluster positions by:

model.clusters_
Out[4]: 
array([['red', '0.511166666666667'],
       ['red', '0.62879234167894'],
       ['red', '0.810466321243523'],
       ['red', '1.245'],
       ['white', '0.361954314720812'],
       ['white', '0.450822510822511'],
       ['white', '0.548858044164038'],
       ['white', '0.724747081712062']], dtype='<U32')

To evaluate the model, various attributes are computed, such as the between sum of squares, the total within clusters sum of squares, and the total sum of squares.

model.between_cluster_ss_
Out[5]: 1341.7301

model.total_within_cluster_ss_
Out[6]: 15.512064

model.total_ss_
Out[7]: 1357.2421

Some other useful attributes can be used to evaluate the model, like the Elbow Score (the bigger it is, the better it is).

model.elbow_score_
Out[8]: 0.9885709410281335

Prediction

Predicting or ranking the dataset is straight-forward:

model.predict(data, ["color", "sulphates"], name = "Cluster IDs")

	123 fixed_acidity Numeric(8)	123 volatile_acidity Numeric(9)	123 citric_acid Numeric(8)	123 residual_sugar Numeric(9)	123 chlorides Float(22)	123 free_sulfur_dioxide Numeric(9)	123 total_sulfur_dioxide Numeric(9)	123 density Float(22)	123 pH Numeric(8)	123 sulphates Numeric(8)	123 alcohol Float(22)	123 quality Integer	123 good Integer	Abc color Varchar(20)	123 Cluster IDs Integer
1	4.4	0.32	0.39	4.3	0.03	31.0	127.0	0.98904	3.46	0.36	12.8	8	1	white	4
2	4.4	0.46	0.1	2.8	0.024	31.0	111.0	0.98816	3.48	0.34	13.1	6	0	white	4
3	4.4	0.54	0.09	5.1	0.038	52.0	97.0	0.99022	3.41	0.4	12.2	7	1	white	4
4	4.7	0.6	0.17	2.3	0.058	17.0	106.0	0.9932	3.85	0.6	12.9	6	0	red	0
5	4.7	0.67	0.09	1.0	0.02	5.0	9.0	0.98722	3.3	0.34	13.6	5	0	white	4
6	4.8	0.33	0.0	6.5	0.028	34.0	163.0	0.9937	3.35	0.61	9.9	5	0	white	4
7	4.8	0.34	0.0	6.5	0.028	33.0	163.0	0.9939	3.36	0.61	9.9	6	0	white	4
8	4.9	0.47	0.17	1.9	0.035	60.0	148.0	0.98964	3.27	0.35	11.5	6	0	white	4
9	5.0	0.27	0.32	4.5	0.032	58.0	178.0	0.98956	3.45	0.31	12.6	7	1	white	4
10	5.0	0.27	0.32	4.5	0.032	58.0	178.0	0.98956	3.45	0.31	12.6	7	1	white	4
11	5.0	0.29	0.54	5.7	0.035	54.0	155.0	0.98976	3.27	0.34	12.9	8	1	white	4
12	5.0	0.33	0.18	4.6	0.032	40.0	124.0	0.99114	3.18	0.4	11.0	6	0	white	4
13	5.0	0.38	0.01	1.6	0.048	26.0	60.0	0.99084	3.7	0.75	14.0	6	0	red	0
14	5.0	0.55	0.14	8.3	0.032	35.0	164.0	0.9918	3.53	0.51	12.5	8	1	white	4
15	5.0	0.61	0.12	1.3	0.009	65.0	100.0	0.9874	3.26	0.37	13.5	5	0	white	4
16	5.1	0.21	0.28	1.4	0.047	48.0	148.0	0.99168	3.5	0.49	10.4	5	0	white	4
17	5.1	0.23	0.18	1.0	0.053	13.0	99.0	0.98956	3.22	0.39	11.5	5	0	white	4
18	5.1	0.25	0.36	1.3	0.035	40.0	78.0	0.9891	3.23	0.64	12.1	7	1	white	4
19	5.1	0.26	0.34	6.4	0.034	26.0	99.0	0.99449	3.23	0.41	9.2	6	0	white	4
20	5.1	0.35	0.26	6.8	0.034	36.0	120.0	0.99188	3.38	0.4	11.5	6	0	white	4
21	5.1	0.35	0.26	6.8	0.034	36.0	120.0	0.99188	3.38	0.4	11.5	6	0	white	4
22	5.1	0.35	0.26	6.8	0.034	36.0	120.0	0.99188	3.38	0.4	11.5	6	0	white	4
23	5.1	0.47	0.02	1.3	0.034	18.0	44.0	0.9921	3.9	0.62	12.8	6	0	red	0
24	5.1	0.585	0.0	1.7	0.044	14.0	86.0	0.99264	3.56	0.94	12.9	7	1	red	0
25	5.2	0.185	0.22	1.0	0.03	47.0	123.0	0.99218	3.55	0.44	10.15	6	0	white	4
26	5.2	0.24	0.45	3.8	0.027	21.0	128.0	0.992	3.55	0.49	11.2	8	1	white	4
27	5.2	0.24	0.45	3.8	0.027	21.0	128.0	0.992	3.55	0.49	11.2	8	1	white	4
28	5.2	0.28	0.29	1.1	0.028	18.0	69.0	0.99168	3.24	0.54	10.0	6	0	white	4
29	5.2	0.34	0.0	1.8	0.05	27.0	63.0	0.9916	3.68	0.79	14.0	6	0	red	0
30	5.2	0.34	0.0	1.8	0.05	27.0	63.0	0.9916	3.68	0.79	14.0	6	0	red	0
31	5.2	0.405	0.15	1.45	0.038	10.0	44.0	0.99125	3.52	0.4	11.6	4	0	white	4
32	5.2	0.6	0.07	7.0	0.044	33.0	147.0	0.9944	3.33	0.58	9.7	5	0	white	4
33	5.2	0.645	0.0	2.15	0.08	15.0	28.0	0.99444	3.78	0.61	12.5	6	0	red	0
34	5.3	0.2	0.31	3.6	0.036	22.0	91.0	0.99278	3.41	0.5	9.8	6	0	white	4
35	5.3	0.24	0.33	1.3	0.033	25.0	97.0	0.9906	3.59	0.38	11.0	8	1	white	4
36	5.3	0.31	0.38	10.5	0.031	53.0	140.0	0.99321	3.34	0.46	11.7	6	0	white	4
37	5.3	0.31	0.38	10.5	0.031	53.0	140.0	0.99321	3.34	0.46	11.7	6	0	white	4
38	5.3	0.395	0.07	1.3	0.035	26.0	102.0	0.992	3.5	0.35	10.6	6	0	white	4
39	5.3	0.43	0.11	1.1	0.029	6.0	51.0	0.99076	3.51	0.48	11.2	4	0	white	4
40	5.3	0.58	0.07	6.9	0.043	34.0	149.0	0.9944	3.34	0.57	9.7	5	0	white	4
41	5.3	0.585	0.07	7.1	0.044	34.0	145.0	0.9945	3.34	0.57	9.7	6	0	white	4
42	5.3	0.76	0.03	2.7	0.043	27.0	93.0	0.9932	3.34	0.38	9.2	5	0	white	4
43	5.4	0.18	0.24	4.8	0.041	30.0	113.0	0.99445	3.42	0.4	9.4	6	0	white	4
44	5.4	0.205	0.16	12.55	0.051	31.0	115.0	0.99564	3.4	0.38	10.8	6	0	white	4
45	5.4	0.255	0.33	1.2	0.051	29.0	122.0	0.99048	3.37	0.66	11.3	6	0	white	4
46	5.4	0.29	0.38	1.2	0.029	31.0	132.0	0.98895	3.28	0.36	12.4	6	0	white	4
47	5.4	0.29	0.38	1.2	0.029	31.0	132.0	0.98895	3.28	0.36	12.4	6	0	white	4
48	5.4	0.45	0.27	6.4	0.033	20.0	102.0	0.98944	3.22	0.27	13.4	8	1	white	4
49	5.4	0.5	0.13	5.0	0.028	12.0	107.0	0.99079	3.48	0.88	13.5	7	1	white	5
50	5.4	0.53	0.16	2.7	0.036	34.0	128.0	0.98856	3.2	0.53	13.2	8	1	white	4
51	5.4	0.53	0.16	2.7	0.036	34.0	128.0	0.98856	3.2	0.53	13.2	8	1	white	4
52	5.4	0.59	0.07	7.0	0.045	36.0	147.0	0.9944	3.34	0.57	9.7	6	0	white	4
53	5.5	0.16	0.26	1.5	0.032	35.0	100.0	0.99076	3.43	0.77	12.0	6	0	white	4
54	5.5	0.19	0.27	0.9	0.04	52.0	103.0	0.99026	3.5	0.39	11.2	5	0	white	4
55	5.5	0.23	0.19	2.2	0.044	39.0	161.0	0.99209	3.19	0.43	10.4	6	0	white	4
56	5.5	0.24	0.32	8.7	0.06	19.0	102.0	0.994	3.27	0.31	10.4	5	0	white	4
57	5.6	0.18	0.27	1.7	0.03	31.0	103.0	0.98892	3.35	0.37	12.9	6	0	white	4
58	5.6	0.18	0.29	2.3	0.04	5.0	47.0	0.99126	3.07	0.45	10.1	4	0	white	4
59	5.6	0.18	0.3	10.2	0.028	28.0	131.0	0.9954	3.49	0.42	10.8	7	1	white	4
60	5.6	0.18	0.31	1.5	0.038	16.0	84.0	0.9924	3.34	0.58	10.1	6	0	white	4
61	5.6	0.185	0.49	1.1	0.03	28.0	117.0	0.9918	3.55	0.45	10.3	6	0	white	4
62	5.6	0.19	0.26	1.4	0.03	12.0	76.0	0.9905	3.25	0.37	10.9	7	1	white	4
63	5.6	0.19	0.27	0.9	0.04	52.0	103.0	0.99026	3.5	0.39	11.2	5	0	white	4
64	5.6	0.19	0.31	2.7	0.027	11.0	100.0	0.98964	3.46	0.4	13.2	7	1	white	4
65	5.6	0.19	0.46	1.1	0.032	33.0	115.0	0.9909	3.36	0.5	10.4	6	0	white	4
66	5.6	0.2	0.66	10.2	0.043	78.0	175.0	0.9945	2.98	0.43	10.4	7	1	white	4
67	5.6	0.205	0.16	12.55	0.051	31.0	115.0	0.99564	3.4	0.38	10.8	6	0	white	4
68	5.6	0.225	0.24	9.8	0.054	59.0	140.0	0.99545	3.17	0.39	10.2	6	0	white	4
69	5.6	0.23	0.25	8.0	0.043	31.0	101.0	0.99429	3.19	0.42	10.4	6	0	white	4
70	5.6	0.23	0.29	3.1	0.023	19.0	89.0	0.99068	3.25	0.51	11.2	6	0	white	4
71	5.6	0.235	0.29	1.2	0.047	33.0	127.0	0.991	3.34	0.5	11.0	7	1	white	4
72	5.6	0.27	0.37	0.9	0.025	11.0	49.0	0.98845	3.29	0.33	13.1	6	0	white	4
73	5.6	0.28	0.27	3.9	0.043	52.0	158.0	0.99202	3.35	0.44	10.7	7	1	white	4
74	5.6	0.29	0.05	0.8	0.038	11.0	30.0	0.9924	3.36	0.35	9.2	5	0	white	4
75	5.6	0.295	0.2	2.2	0.049	18.0	134.0	0.99378	3.21	0.68	10.0	5	0	white	4
76	5.6	0.31	0.37	1.4	0.074	12.0	96.0	0.9954	3.32	0.58	9.2	5	0	red	0
77	5.6	0.33	0.28	1.2	0.031	33.0	97.0	0.99126	3.49	0.58	10.9	6	0	white	4
78	5.6	0.34	0.1	1.3	0.031	20.0	68.0	0.9906	3.36	0.51	11.2	7	1	white	4
79	5.6	0.34	0.25	2.5	0.046	47.0	182.0	0.99093	3.21	0.4	11.3	5	0	white	4
80	5.6	0.39	0.24	4.7	0.034	27.0	77.0	0.9906	3.28	0.36	12.7	5	0	white	4
81	5.6	0.41	0.22	7.1	0.05	44.0	154.0	0.9931	3.3	0.4	10.5	5	0	white	4
82	5.6	0.46	0.24	4.8	0.042	24.0	72.0	0.9908	3.29	0.37	12.6	6	0	white	4
83	5.6	0.5	0.09	2.3	0.049	17.0	99.0	0.9937	3.63	0.63	13.0	5	0	red	0
84	5.6	0.5	0.09	2.3	0.049	17.0	99.0	0.9937	3.63	0.63	13.0	5	0	red	0
85	5.6	0.605	0.05	2.4	0.073	19.0	25.0	0.99258	3.56	0.55	12.9	5	0	red	0
86	5.6	0.695	0.06	6.8	0.042	9.0	84.0	0.99432	3.44	0.44	10.2	5	0	white	4
87	5.7	0.135	0.3	4.6	0.042	19.0	101.0	0.9946	3.31	0.42	9.3	6	0	white	4
88	5.7	0.14	0.3	5.4	0.045	26.0	105.0	0.99469	3.32	0.45	9.3	5	0	white	4
89	5.7	0.18	0.22	4.2	0.042	25.0	111.0	0.994	3.35	0.39	9.4	5	0	white	4
90	5.7	0.22	0.22	16.65	0.044	39.0	110.0	0.99855	3.24	0.48	9.0	6	0	white	4
91	5.7	0.22	0.22	16.65	0.044	39.0	110.0	0.99855	3.24	0.48	9.0	6	0	white	4
92	5.7	0.22	0.22	16.65	0.044	39.0	110.0	0.99855	3.24	0.48	9.0	6	0	white	4
93	5.7	0.22	0.22	16.65	0.044	39.0	110.0	0.99855	3.24	0.48	9.0	6	0	white	4
94	5.7	0.22	0.28	1.3	0.027	26.0	101.0	0.98948	3.35	0.38	12.5	7	1	white	4
95	5.7	0.245	0.33	1.1	0.049	28.0	150.0	0.9927	3.13	0.42	9.3	5	0	white	4
96	5.7	0.25	0.21	1.5	0.044	21.0	108.0	0.99142	3.3	0.59	11.0	6	0	white	4
97	5.7	0.255	0.65	1.2	0.079	17.0	137.0	0.99307	3.2	0.42	9.4	5	0	white	4
98	5.7	0.255	0.65	1.2	0.079	17.0	137.0	0.99307	3.2	0.42	9.4	5	0	white	4
99	5.7	0.28	0.3	3.9	0.026	36.0	105.0	0.98963	3.26	0.58	12.75	6	0	white	4
100	5.7	0.31	0.29	7.3	0.05	33.0	143.0	0.99332	3.31	0.5	11.0666666666667	6	0	white	4

Rows: 1-100 | Columns: 15

As shown above, a new column has been created, containing the clusters.

Hint

The name of the new column is optional. If not provided, it is randomly assigned.

Plots - Cluster Plot

Plots highlighting the different clusters can be easily drawn using:

model.plot()

Note

As we are using a categorical feature in this example, this plot cannot be drawn. It is only for numeric features. Please have a look at KMeans() for plotting examples.

Plots - Voronoi

KPrototypes models can be visualized by drawing their voronoi plots. For more examples, check out Machine Learning - Voronoi Plots.

model.plot_voronoi()

Note

As we are using a categorical feature in this example, this plot cannot be drawn. It is only for numeric features. Please have a look at KMeans() for plotting examples.

Plots - Contour

In order to understand the parameter space, we can also look at the contour plots:

model.contour()

Note

As we are using a categorical feature in this example, this plot cannot be drawn. It is only for numeric features. Please have a look at KMeans() for plotting examples.

Note

Machine learning models with two predictors can usually benefit from their own contour plot. This visual representation aids in exploring predictions and gaining a deeper understanding of how these models perform in different scenarios. Please refer to chart_gallery.contour_plot for more examples.

Parameter Modification

In order to see the parameters:

model.get_params()
Out[9]: 
{'n_cluster': 8,
 'init': 'random',
 'max_iter': 300,
 'tol': 0.0001,
 'gamma': 0.2}

And to manually change some of the parameters:

model.set_params({'n_cluster': 5})

Model Register

In order to register the model for tracking and versioning:

model.register("model_v1")

Please refer to /notebooks/ml/model_tracking_versioning/index.ipynb for more details on model tracking and versioning.

Model Exporting

To Memmodel

model.to_memmodel()

Note

MemModel objects serve as in-memory representations of machine learning models. They can be used for both in-database and in-memory prediction tasks. These objects can be pickled in the same way that you would pickle a scikit-learn model.

The preceding methods for exporting the model use MemModel, and it is recommended to use MemModel directly.

To SQL

You can get the SQL query equivalent of the KPrototypes model by:

model.to_sql()
Out[11]: 'CASE WHEN "color" IS NULL OR "sulphates" IS NULL THEN NULL WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.724747081712062, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) THEN 7 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.548858044164038, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) THEN 6 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.450822510822511, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) THEN 5 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.361954314720812, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'white\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) THEN 4 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 1.245, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) THEN 3 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) AND POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.810466321243523, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) THEN 2 WHEN POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.62879234167894, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) <= POWER(POWER("sulphates" - 0.511166666666667, 2), 1 / 2) + 0.2 * (ABS(("color" = \'red\')::int - 1)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END'

Note

This SQL query can be directly used in any database.

Deploy SQL

To get the SQL query which uses Vertica functions use below:

model.deploySQL()
Out[12]: 'APPLY_KPROTOTYPES("color", "sulphates" USING PARAMETERS model_name = \'"public"."_verticapy_tmp_kprototypes_v_mldb_c4f294bc979611efa8720242ac120002_"\', match_by_pos = \'true\')'

To Python

To obtain the prediction function in Python syntax, use the following code:

X = [[0.9, 0.5]]

model.to_python()(X)
Out[14]: array([0], dtype=object)

Hint

The to_python() method is used to retrieve the anomaly score. For specific details on how to use this method for different model types, refer to the relevant documentation for each model.

__init__(name: str = None, overwrite_model: bool = False, n_cluster: int = 8, init: Literal['random'] | list = 'random', max_iter: int = 300, tol: float = 0.0001, gamma: float = 1.0) → None

Must be overridden in the child class

Methods

__init__([name, overwrite_model, n_cluster, ...])	Must be overridden in the child class
contour([nbins, chart])	Draws the model's contour plot.
deploySQL([X])	Returns the SQL code needed to deploy the model.
does_model_exists(name[, raise_error, ...])	Checks whether the model is stored in the Vertica database.
drop()	Drops the model from the Vertica database.
export_models(name, path[, kind])	Exports machine learning models.
fit(input_relation[, X, return_report])	Trains the model.
get_attributes([attr_name])	Returns the model attributes.
get_match_index(x, col_list[, str_check])	Returns the matching index.
get_params()	Returns the parameters of the model.
get_plotting_lib([class_name, chart, ...])	Returns the first available library (Plotly, Matplotlib, or Highcharts) to draw a specific graphic.
get_vertica_attributes([attr_name])	Returns the model Vertica attributes.
import_models(path[, schema, kind])	Imports machine learning models.
plot([max_nb_points, chart])	Draws the model.
plot_voronoi([max_nb_points, plot_crosses, ...])	Draws the Voronoi Graph of the model.
predict(vdf[, X, name, inplace])	Makes predictions using the input relation.
register(registered_name[, raise_error])	Registers the model and adds it to in-DB Model versioning environment with a status of 'under_review'.
set_params([parameters])	Sets the parameters of the model.
summarize()	Summarizes the model.
to_binary(path)	Exports the model to the Vertica Binary format.
to_memmodel()	Converts the model to an InMemory object that can be used for different types of predictions.
to_pmml(path)	Exports the model to PMML.
to_python([return_proba, ...])	Returns the Python function needed for in-memory scoring without using built-in Vertica functions.
to_sql([X, return_proba, ...])	Returns the SQL code needed to deploy the model without using built-in Vertica functions.
to_tf(path)	Exports the model to the Frozen Graph format (TensorFlow).

Attributes

object_type